The History & Evolution of Precision Manufacturing & CNC Machining

It’s easy to take modern precision manufacturing processes for granted, as they are present in virtually every piece of equipment that we interact with and rely on every day. Indeed, from our cars and computers to the most advanced technology in human history, such as modern aviation equipment and particle accelerators, precision machining plays a key role. The fact is, however, that today’s precision machining capabilities are the result of decades of constant innovation. Here, we’ll explore an aspect of precision manufacturing—CNC machining—and how it has evolved since its inception more than seven decades ago.

What is Precision Machining?

Precision machining refers to any manufacturing process that machines parts to precise standards. Prior to the introduction of precision machining during the industrial revolution, parts were made manually. In addition to being extremely time-consuming and costly, man-made components simply couldn’t be replicated to exact standards—even by the most skilled artisans—therefore limiting their application.

What is CNC Machining?

CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control and refers to a wide array of tools, such as drills, lathes, and mills, that operate on pre-programmed software. Though decades old, CNC machining has continued to advance and still represents the latest in precision machining technology.

The Contribution of CNC Machining to Modern Manufacturing

CNC machining is a critical part of nearly any modern manufacturing process. The capacities of this technology allow for the production of components in exact dimensions with incredibly tight tolerances while significantly reducing:

• Production time
• Component defects
• Manufacturing costs
• Material waste

How Has CNC Machining Changed?

As noted above, CNC machining has decades of history. Conceived shortly after World War II, the earliest instance of CNC manufacturing technology relied on punch card readers to automate manufacturing processes. While slow and cumbersome when compared with modern standards, this still represented a massive leap forward, allowing for components to be produced with greater precision and in larger quantities at a lower cost and in less time. However, the technology required to operate such machines was considered prohibitively expensive.

Advances, such as magnetic tape readers, eventually reduced equipment costs enough to make CNC machining a viable manufacturing method. It wasn’t until the mid-1950s that CNC machining started becoming the standard for precision manufacturing.

In the ensuing decades, enormous advances were made in everything from computational technology to quality control standards and manufacturing equipment. It’s important to note that today’s CNC machines use the same basic principles as older iterations: They require a command function, a track follower, a drive system, and a feedback system. However, modern CNC machines can handle a level of complexity that simply would not have been possible even a couple of decades ago.

For example, 3-axis machining—where the workpiece is in a fixed position and a spindle operates machining equipment on the x, y, and z axes in linear directions—was long the standard for CNC manufacturing processes. Today, 3-axis machining remains useful for many applications; however, advances have allowed for additional axes and much greater complexity. With 4-axis machines, the workpiece can also be rotated, allowing for more flexible component designs without resetting equipment. And, with 5-axis machining—the latest innovation—the workpiece can rotate along multiple axes to achieve even greater precision and efficiency.

The Future of CNC Machining

It’s difficult to predict exactly how CNC machines will evolve in the coming decades. However, if the past is any indication, we can expect even greater efficiency and more flexibility with prototype design. At Demmer Manufacturing, we are committed to ensuring our affiliate companies remain at the leading edge of precision manufacturing. We will continue to invest in their technology, infrastructure, and people to provide unrivaled value, quality, and continuity of supply for industries ranging from aerospace and medical technology to defense.